Bien que leurs chemins se soient croisés régulièrement, les métiers d’aide au couple et à la famille ont des structurations professionnelles différentes. Le conseil conjugal et familial, la médiation familiale ou encore la thérapie conjugale et familiale, qui n’entrent pas nécessairement en contact avec les individus, les couples et les familles de la même manière, sont soumis à des tensions externes et internes révélatrices des rapports contemporains entre institutions et familles. Dans le présent article exploratoire, l’auteur, sociologue, propose de dessiner (...) les frontières interprofessionnelles de ces métiers, pouvant être envisagés comme des supports thérapeutiques ou d’autonomisation, mais aussi comme composant de manière hétéroclite, voire contradictoire, une police des familles, faisant office d’entrepreneurs d’un nouvel ordre normatif familial, entre collaboration et douce imposition. (shrink)

Un enjeu important qui apparaît dans tout réalisme est de parvenir à articuler une pensée du réel selon trois types de rapportsmétaphysique épistémique et doxastique Soucieuse de rendre compte de ces trois rapports en maintenant son originalité propre consistant à opposer le réel aux doubles de remplacement la théorie ontologique de Rosset a pris la forme d’un ensemble de principes qui ont évolué au cours de ses travaux Dans cet article je me propose de retracer cette évolution et d’en faire (...) l’examen critique (section 1) Ensuite il s’agira de discuter des objections d’incohérence adressées à l’ontologie de Rosset (section 2) et enfin de situer la question des doubles de proximité par rapport à celle de la fiction (section 3) Dans la section 4 je compare le fonctionnement des doubles de remplacement avec celui de la croyance feinte Ma conclusion consiste à insister sur l’importance de maintenir une philosophie du double qui d’une part affirme l’authenticité du réel autrement dit conteste à la fois l’antiréalisme et l’irréalisme ontologiques et qui d’autre part récuse la teneur ontologique des doubles Il n’y a pas de doubles ontologiques pas même les doubles de proximité mais seulement des doubles épistémiques. (shrink)

Le sentiment que j'ai de moi-meme a-t-il rien de commun avec la perception que les autres ont de moi? Et ce corps, qui me precede toujours, que dit-il a autrui de ma vraie nature, de mes gouts, de mon etre secret? Ainsi, aussi inseparable que je sois de mon apparence, celle-ci signale immanquablement celui que je ne suis pas tout a fait. En d'autres termes: mon corps est-il l'expression de mon moi ou mon moi est-il le prisonnier clandestin de mon (...) corps? Entre moi et ce qui est mien, la relation est donc bien moins d'ordre ontologique que linguistique ou stylistique. C'est ce qui fait du snobisme ou du dandysme deux figures de cet effort que chacun entreprend pour tenter de paraitre ce qu'il voudrait etre, et pour tenter d'affacer ce qui volontairement sien. N. G. (shrink)

Même si l’on connaît surtout Ecce homo, l’une de ses dernières œuvres, dans laquelle Nietzsche nous livre une véritable autobiographie intellectuelle, le philosophe allemand s’est en réalité très tôt plu à la pratique de l’autobiographie. L’autoréflexion qu’il présente de son devenir fut ensuite une constante, notamment dans les Préfaces qu’il ajouta par la suite à ses plus fameux ouvrages. Mais cette constante est d’autant plus étonnante chez un auteur qui dit d’une part ne s’être jamais que médiocrement réfléchi, et d’autre (...) part qu’il ne faut pas soupçonner le moins du monde qui l’on est pour être en mesure de devenir soi. Nous tâchons ici de dépasser cette contradiction apparente en proposant une interprétation de ce geste nietzschéen de l’autobiographie et nous nous demandons en même temps si cette pratique ne constitue et ne construit pas davantage le soi à un moment donné, peut-être même à titre d’illusion, plutôt qu’elle ne le saisit véritablement. (shrink)

François Jacob, biologiste français et Prix Nobel, a souligné dans les années 1970 que les sciences, les technologies et leur cortège expérimental font intervenir " un jeu des possibles " et constituent pour cette raison " une machine à fabriquer de l'avenir ". Autrement dit, les activités scientifiques, médicales ou encore artistiques exigent que soient instaurés des dispositifs qui à la fois concrétisent et contrôlent la génération de connaissances nouvelles et de pratiques originales. Ce livre vise à explorer les articulations (...) multiples entre les activités créatives et leurs limites constitutives. Les articles posent la question des limites de la créativité à partir de perspectives philosophiques et sociologiques tout en se référant à des études de cas qui sont à l'interface entre sciences, arts et normes sociotechniques. Le livre est le résultat d'une recherche sur la créativité menée à l'IRIST (Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires sur les Sciences et la Technologie) à l'Université de Strasbourg. (shrink)

Si l'esprit est ce qui ne cesse de s'opposer a la nature au point d'eprouver spontanement son originaire et paradoxale affinite avec le surnaturel, d'ou vient qu'il y ait de l'esprit dans la nature? Par ailleurs, comment l'esprit peut-il etre trascendant a la nature, alors que la nature est de part en part immanente a l'esprit? Bref, quel est le statut de la negativite? Pour tenter de repondre a ces questions, ce livre developpe une phenomenologie du desir et une ontologie (...) du temps. En analysant cette fonction hypostasiante qui fait du platonisme une attitude spontanee de toute conscience, la presente etude en caracterise l'origine dans le langage, dont l'effet le plus remarquable lui parait consister dans l'aptitude bien moins a designer ce qui est qu'a faire etre ce qu'il dit. (shrink)

La phénoménologie vise à décrire les choses mêmes telles qu'elles se donnent à la conscience, sans y ajouter des éléments tirés d'héritages métaphysiques ou d'interprétations traditionnelles. Mais à cette fin, elle doit élucider le langage dans lequel elle tend à réaliser ce programme. Ce langage peut-il consister en une expression 'pure,' spontanée, ou doit-il se démarquer des usages quotidiens? N'est-il pas nécessairement marqué par une histoire, et n'obéit-il pas, qu'il le veuille ou non, à une rhétorique? Ne reconnaît-on d'ailleurs pas (...) la phénoménologie à un certain style? De telles questions n'ont été ignorées ni par Husserl, ni par Heidegger, ni par Merleau-Ponty, ni par Ricoeur, ni par Hans Blumenberg, ni par Marc Richir--autant d'auteurs ici étudiés pour les réponses très variées qu'ils y ont apportées, pour la façon dont ils ont thématisé le rapport de la philosophie à son médium linguistique et au langage ordinaire, les modalités de la description, l'histoire de la rhétorique ou encore les apports possibles de la littérature (Goethe, Claude Simon...), de l'herméneutique, de la linguistique (Jakobson) et de l'art en général. Les études réunies ici explorent ces 'langages de la phénoménologie,' avec aussi la traduction d'un texte inédit en français de Hans Blumenberg sur le traitement husserlien des 'significations occasionnelles'."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Cet article propose une confrontation inédite entre les dispositifs théoriques de deux philosophes contemporains, Renaud Barbaras et Nicolas Grimaldi, que l’auteur envisage en tant qu’ontologies de la vie. La singularité, dans le champ philosophique, de leur conception du désir conduit à un rapprochement, en dépit d’une différence dans les références philosophiques mobilisées. Le sujet vivant est en effet pensé par tous deux comme « désir », et il est par là interprété comme un certain manque, bien que celui-ci ne (...) soit relatif à aucun objet ni, plus généralement, à rien qui se donne sur le mode de l’objet. Or, les options philosophiques de Barbaras et de Grimaldi divergent néanmoins quant à la réponse apportée au problème de l’articulation entre vie et désir, et plus précisément quant au sens accordé à la négativité. Alors que le premier envisage les êtres vivants à partir d’une négation-privation qui affecte l’archi-vie du monde sans avoir sa source en elle, le second comprend la vie, sous toutes ses modalités, à partir d’une négativité qui lui est intrinsèque. Autrement dit, si, pour Grimaldi, la vie est essentiellement désir, pour Barbaras le désir caractérise seulement la modalité d’être des vivants, non l’archi-vie du monde. Il en découle des différences importantes quant au statut de la temporalité et de l’affectivité chez les deux philosophes. C’est, d’après l’auteur, dans le sort que chacun réserve à l’hypothèse finaliste — écartée par Barbaras; étayée sur une analyse de la notion de tendance chez Grimaldi — que le différend philosophique prend sa source. (shrink)

In dit klassieke essay van de grote kunshistoricus Erwin Panfosky komt vast te staan dat het zinnetje ‘Et in Arcadia ego’, van oudsher te vinden op kunstwerken en in verhalen die Arcadië als thema hebben, tegenwoordig een andere betekenis krijgt dan vroeger. Waar wij het simpelweg vertalen als ‘Ook ik was in Arcadië’, een vertaling die past bij ons beeld van een idyllisch, pastoraal landschap, had het oorspronkelijk een veel minder onschuldige lading. Overtuigend toont Panofsky aan, door te verwijzen naar (...) onder meer Vergilius, Sannazaro en Guercino, dat de ‘ik’ die in het citaat spreekt niemand minder is dan de Dood. De juiste vertaling is dan het sinistere, moralistische ‘Ook in Arcadië heers ik, de Dood’: de Arcadiërs wordt gemaand hun sterven te gedenken. Panofsky maakt duidelijk dat de foutieve interpretatie, met alle gevolgen van dien voor het arcadisch thema, zijn oorsprong heeft bij Nicolas Poussins beroemde Et in Arcadia Ego-composities. Zijn essay maakt dat het lieflijke arcadische landschap alsnog zijn onschuld verliest, en dat ook voor ons de dood opnieuw tot Arcadië toetreedt. (shrink)

This book is the first extensive treatment of Husserl's phenomenology of time-consciousness. Nicolas de Warren uses detailed analysis of texts by Husserl, some only recently published in German, to examine Husserl's treatment of time-consciousness and its significance for his conception of subjectivity. He traces the development of Husserl's thinking on the problem of time from Franz Brentano's descriptive psychology, and situates it in the framework of his transcendental project as a whole. Particular discussions include the significance of time-consciousness for (...) other phenomenological themes: perceptual experience, the imagination, remembrance, self-consciousness, embodiment, and the consciousness of others. The result is an illuminating exploration of how and why Husserl considered the question of time-consciousness to be the most difficult, yet also the most central, of all the challenges facing his unique philosophical enterprise"--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

To become more broadly applicable, positions on AI ethics require perspectives from non-Western regions and cultures such as China and Japan. In this paper, we propose that the addition of the concept of harmony to the discussion on ethical AI would be highly beneficial due to its centrality in East Asian cultures and its applicability to the challenge of designing AI for social good. We first present a synopsis of different definitions of harmony in multiple contexts, such as music and (...) society, which reveals that the concept is, at its core, about well-balanced relationships and appropriate actions which give rise to order, balance, and aesthetically pleasing phenomena. The mediator for these well-balanced relationships isTaktwhich is an ability to act thoughtfully and sensibly according to the specific situation and to put things into proportion and order. We propose that the central challenge of building harmonizing AI is to make intelligent systems tactful and also to design and use them tactfully. For an AI system to become tactful, it needs to be able to have an advanced sensitivity to the specific contexts which it is in and their social and ethical implications and have the capability of approximately inferring the emotional and cognitive states of people with whom it is interacting. (shrink)

“The apocalypse of hope” and other comparable flourishes in the writings of Frantz Fanon and Jean-Paul Sartre on political violence strike an alarming tone. In The Wretched of the Earth, Fanon advocates the way of revolutionary violence as the inevitable consequence of colonialism and its systematic exploitation of colonized natives. In his role of agent provocateur, Sartre’s preface to Fanon’s influential and controversial work characteristically dramatizes this redemptive promise of violence: “to gun down a European is to kill two birds (...) with one stone…there remains a dead man and a free man.” This notorious pronouncement constitutes itself as an act of violence—we must feel threatened—meant to incite the latent counter-violence behind, in Sartre’s diagnosis, the false consciousness of bourgeois toleration and understanding. Could Sartre’s bold statement be spoken today without violent condemnation? This statement claims that, against the dehumanization of colonial oppression, only revolutionary violence allows for the colonized natives to constitute a “people” and recreate themselves in the image of a new humanity forged from the experience of liberation. For Fanon in particular, the recreation of humanity is impossible without the birth of a national consciousness and a revolutionary culture. As Fanon writes, “[w]e believe that the conscious, organized struggle undertaken by a colonized people in order to restore national sovereignty constitutes the greatest cultural manifestation that exists.” This reach toward a new humanism through the praxis of revolutionary violence points directly to the problem of beginnings. As Arendt observes in On Revolution, “[r]evolutions are the only political events which confront us directly and inevitably with the problem of beginning.” Anti-colonial violence, for Fanon, inaugurates the beginning of political life; the colonized native reconstitutes himself as a βίοσ πολιτικόσ capable of both speech and praxis. For Sartre, anti-colonial violence reveals the dialectical necessity of world history in its struggle towards genuine universality and the utopia of a “classless” society. (shrink)

In the 20th century, the boundaries of psychosis emerged as an area in which psychiatric judgement faced numerous and profound uncertainties. Between obvious neuroses and personality and reactive disorders on the one hand, and unquestionable psychoses on the other, psychiatrists faced a world of suspected cases of schizophrenia, doubtful personality disorder diagnoses or probable cases of psychosis constituting a garden of equivocal clinical presentations in which both individual psychiatrists and the discipline as a whole were confronted with the limits of (...) their knowledge. This article examines how psychiatrists from two German university clinics managed the multiple uncertainties involved in diagnosing cases of early psychosis between 1950 and 1980. Based on the analysis of a sample of records, we propose a pragmatic interpretation of the ways in which these uncertainties were recorded by psychiatrists. How were uncertainties and doubts expressed in the records and managed by clinicians? What means were used to dispel doubt? What were the consequences for patients of these diagnostic uncertainties? The article defines an uncertainty diagnosis as a diagnosis expressed with reservations by its author and recorded as such in a medical file. Depending on the nature of the uncertainty, the types of evidence used by the professionals and how this evidence was dealt with, we have identified three types of uncertainty diagnoses: suspicion, plausibility and probability diagnoses. The article then reflects on the role of the patients themselves in shaping these uncertain situations. (shrink)

Achieving an ambitious goal frequently requires succeeding in a sequence of intermediate tasks, some being critical for the final outcome, and others not. However, individuals are not always able to provide a level of effort sufficient to guarantee success in all such intermediate tasks. The ability to manage effort throughout the sequence of tasks is, therefore, critical when resources are limited. In this paper, we propose a criterion of importance that is person- and context-specific, as it is based on how (...) an individual should optimally allocate a limited stock of exhaustible efforts over tasks. We test this importance criterion in a laboratory experiment that reproduces the main features of a tennis match. We show that our importance criterion is able to predict the individuals’ performance and it outperforms the Morris-importance criterion that defines the importance of a point in terms of its impact on the probability of achieving the final outcome. (shrink)

This article addresses the data protection and product safety regulatory models currently applied to consumer-facing health technologies. It explains how the design and structures of existing data protection and safety regulation in the U.S. have resulted in exceptionally thin protection for the users of consumer-facing devices and products that rely on or that facilitate consumer collection or aggregation of health and wellness data. It also examines some appealing legislative alternatives to the current thin model used in the U.S. and suggests (...) a framework for prioritizing ameliorative regulation. To better understand existing regulatory models, their deficiencies, and how they should be reformed, the article employs an analytical model describing these regulatory systems across two axes. The vertical axis describes the quantity or depth of regulation, such as, for example, the strictness of the rules imposed by the regulatory model. The horizontal axis describes the reach of the regulation, the behaviors, products, or industries to which the regulation applies. (shrink)

In a 1993 paper, I argued that empirical treatments of the epistemologyused by scientists in experimental work are too abstract in practice tocounter relativist efforts to explain the outcome of scientificcontroversies by reference to sociological forces. This was because, atthe rarefied level at which the methodology of scientists is treated byphilosophers, multiple mutually inconsistent instantiations of theprinciples described by philosophers are employed by contestingscientists. These multiple construals change within a scientificcommunity over short time frames, and these different versions ofscientific methodology (...) can determine the outcome of a controversy. Iillustrated with a comparatively detailed analysis of the methodologyused by biologists debating the existence of an entity called thebacterial mesosome between the mid-1950s and the mid-1970s. This 1993piece has drawn several critiques in the philosophical literature. Inthis present piece I respond to these critiques and argue that they failto address the core argument of the original paper, and I reflectfurther on the methodologies of philosophers of science pursuingempirical or `naturalistic' epistemology. (shrink)

Henrich et al.’s article fleshes out in a very useful and timely manner comments often heard but rarely published about the extraordinary cultural imbalance in the recruitment of participants in psychology experiments and the doubt this casts on generalization of findings from these “weird” samples to humans in general. The authors mention that one of the concerns they have met in defending their views has been of a methodological nature: “the observed variation across populations may be due to various methodological (...) artifacts that arise from translating experiments across contexts” (sect. 7.2, para. 1). Here we want to express a less sweeping methodological concern. While accepting the general conclusions and recommendations of the article, we believe they should be complemented with a.. (shrink)

This paper compares two explanations of the process by which human communication systems evolve: iterated learning and social collaboration. It then reports an experiment testing the social collaboration account. Participants engaged in a graphical communication task either as a member of a community, where they interacted with seven different partners drawn from the same pool, or as a member of an isolated pair, where they interacted with the same partner across the same number of games. Participants’ horizontal, pair‐wise interactions led (...) “bottom up” to the creation of an effective and efficient shared sign system in the community condition. Furthermore, the community‐evolved sign systems were as effective and efficient as the local sign systems developed by isolated pairs. Finally, and as predicted by a social collaboration account, and not by an iterated learning account, interaction was critical to the creation of shared sign systems, with different isolated pairs establishing different local sign systems and different communities establishing different global sign systems. (shrink)

Interest in the computational aspects of modeling has been steadily growing in philosophy of science. This paper aims to advance the discussion by articulating the way in which modeling and computational errors are related and by explaining the significance of error management strategies for the rational reconstruction of scientific practice. To this end, we first characterize the role and nature of modeling error in relation to a recipe for model construction known as Euler’s recipe. We then describe a general model (...) that allows us to assess the quality of numerical solutions in terms of measures of computational errors that are completely interpretable in terms of modeling error. Finally, we emphasize that this type of error analysis involves forms of perturbation analysis that go beyond the basic model-theoretical and statistical/probabilistic tools typically used to characterize the scientific method; this demands that we revise and complement our reconstructive toolbox in a way that can affect our normative image of science. (shrink)

Virtual reality allows the user to be immersed in environments in which they can experience situations and social interactions from different perspectives by means of virtual embodiment. In the context of rehabilitation of violent behaviors, a participant could experience a virtual violent confrontation from different perspectives, including that of the victim and bystanders. This approach and other virtual scenes can be used as a useful tool for the rehabilitation of intimate partner violence perpetrators, through improvement of their empathic skills or (...) for training in non-violent responses. In this perspective, we revise and discuss the use of this tool in a prison environment for the rehabilitation of IPV perpetrators with a particular focus on practical aspects based on our experience. (shrink)

This article aims at understanding how "ethical public issues" are created, and dealt within a public arena. Here, we view ethical public issues as social constructs, which are the results of issue framing contests. Such an approach will enable us to understand how ethical public issues emerge and are shaped by strategizing actors (including firms, NGOs, the media, and governments), in an attempt to impose their own definition and preferred solution to the issue. We also propose key factors which explain (...) the success of a framing attempt, and evidence of such success. The empirical case of the labor conditions in West Africa's cocoa industry is used to illustrate this theoretical framework and methodological approach. (shrink)

Poussin, à Rome, dit du Caravage qu'il était venu au monde pour détruire la peinture et cependant il est dit aussi qu'il possédait l'art de peindre tout entier. Ce livre cherche non point à résoudre une contradiction mais plutôt à développer une inconsistance du système représentatif dans le procès de peindre de Poussin au Caravage et vice versa. Il y sera donc question de mimésis et de fantaisie, d'histoire et d'action, de perspective et de ténèbres, de mort et de décapitation...

Educational reformers all around the globe are continuously searching for ways to make schools more effective and efficient. In Germany, this movement has led to reforms that reduced overall school time of high track secondary schools from 9 to 8 years, which was compensated for by increasing average instruction time per week in lower secondary school. Based on prior research, we assumed that this reform might increase gender disparities in STEM-related outcomes, stress, and health because it required students to learn (...) similar content in less amount of time. Therefore, we investigated how the school time reform affected gender disparities at the end of upper secondary school between 2011 and 2013. Specifically, we considered representative data of the last two cohorts who completed lower secondary school before the reform and the first two cohorts after the reform from the National Educational Panel Study. Potential differences in gender disparities were investigated for upper secondary school outcomes of subject-specific standardized test performance, self-concept, and interest in mathematics, biology and physics, as well as outcomes of school-related stress and health. Overall, we found substantial disparities between girls and boys, which seemed to change little after the reform. Exceptions were the statistically significant gender × reform interactions for one stress dimension and two health dimensions which increased for both boys and girls, but more strongly for girls. (shrink)

This paper explores the role of iconicity in spoken language and other human communication systems. First, we concentrate on graphical and gestural communication and show how semantically motivated iconic signs play an important role in creating such communication systems from scratch. We then consider how iconic signs tend to become simplified and symbolic as the communication system matures and argue that this process is driven by repeated interactive use of the signs. We then consider evidence for iconicity at the level (...) of the system in graphical communication and finally draw comparisons between iconicity in graphical and gestural communication systems and in spoken language. (shrink)

Discussions on indeterminism in physics focus on the possibility of an open future, i.e. the possibility of having potential alternative future events, the realisation of one of which is not fully determined by the present state of affairs. Yet, can indeterminism affect also the past, making it open as well? We show that by upholding principles of finiteness of information one can entail such a possibility. We provide a toy model that shows how the past could be fundamentally indeterminate, while (...) also explaining the intuitive (and observed) asymmetry between the past—which can be remembered, at least partially—and the future—which is impossible to fully predict. (shrink)

Punitive behaviours are often assumed to be the result of an instinct for punishment. This instinct would have evolved to punish wrongdoers and it would be the evidence that cooperation has evolved by group selection. Here, I propose an alternative theory according to which punishment is a not an adaptation and that there was no specific selective pressure to inflict costs on wrongdoers in the ancestral environment. In this theory, cooperation evolved through partner choice for mutual advantage. In the ancestral (...) environment, individuals were in competition to be recruited in cooperative ventures and it was vital to share the benefits of cooperation in a mutually advantageous manner. If individuals took a bigger share of the benefits, their partners would leave them for more interesting partners. If they took a smaller share, they would be exploited by their partners who would receive more than what they had contributed to produce. This competition led to the selection of a sense of fairness, a cognitive adaptation aiming to share equally the benefits of cooperation in order to attract partners. In this theory, punishment is not necessary for the evolution of cooperation. Punitive behaviours are only a way to restore fairness by compensating the victim or penalizing the culprit. Drawing on behavioural economics, legal anthropology, and cognitive psychology, I show that empirical data fit better with this framework than with the theory of group selection. When people punish, they do so to restore fairness rather than to help the group. (shrink)

La scénographie est le plus souvent considérée au théâtre dans sa dimension esthétique ou dans sa capacité à devenir un espace ludique. Or, à l’opéra, si ces deux dimensions restent importantes et se complexifient du fait des contraintes spécifiques du chant et des attentes du public, c’est la fonction dramaturgique qui passe au premier plan. La nécessité de donner le décor à l’avance pour qu’il soit construit dans les ateliers impose qu’il soit pensé avec la mise en scène, en même (...) temps qu’elle. Grâce à un exemple précis, nous montrerons comment le trio dramaturgie-scénographie et mise en scène fonctionne étroitement pour faire émerger le sens. C’est donc à cette voix dramaturgique du scénographe que nous nous intéresserons ici. (shrink)

El artículo propone indagar cómo los sujetos se vinculan con lo cultural a través de prácticas y consumos que están inscriptas en diversos vínculos de sociabilidad —que recomiendan, llevan, acompañan— y que se combinan y entrelazan para conformar repertorios culturales complejos. Esta indagación fue desplegada a través de una reconstrucción de biografías culturales que se basó en la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con un conjunto de sujetos que fuimos definiendo a través de los criterios del muestreo teórico. Del conjunto de (...) entrevistados, seleccionamos algunos casos que nos permitían construir perfiles de practicantes culturales. El desarrollo concluye con una caracterización de las prácticas culturales registradas como “sociales”, “reflexivas” e “interconectadas”, y apunta a describir un proceso emergente de singularización de las trayectorias culturales de los sujetos y de constitución de perfiles de gusto plurales y heterogéneos. (shrink)

In this article I will analyze the conception of moral responsibility proposed by P.F. Strawson in "Freedom and Resentment". I will argue that this conception is relevant for thinking about some aspects of the current COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, those related to cooperation between individuals and its affective dimension.